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Introduction
Cisco Catalyst switches that run Cisco IOS® software releases maintain the VLAN information in a special file named vlan.dat. This document discusses the purpose of this file, and ways to manage the file.
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Prerequisites
Requirements
Cisco recommends that you have knowledge of this topic:
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Understand how Cisco Catalyst switches work
Components Used
This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.
The information in this document is based on these software and hardware versions:
Cisco Catalyst 6500 switch that runs Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(26)E1
Cisco Catalyst 2950 switch that runs Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(22)EA9
The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.
Related Products
This document can also be used with these hardware and software versions:
Cisco Catalyst 6000, 4500, 4000 series switches that run Cisco IOS
Cisco Catalyst 3750, 3750E, 3560, 3560E, 3550, 2970, 2960, 2955, 2950, and 2940 series switches
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Conventions
Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.
Background Information
VLAN or VTP configuration changes in CatOS are written to NVRAM immediately after a change is made. In contrast, Cisco IOS software does not save configuration changes to NVRAM unless you issue the copy run start command.
VTP client and server systems require VTP updates from other VTP servers to be immediately saved in NVRAM without user intervention. The VTP update requirements are met by the default CatOS operation, but the Cisco IOS software update model requires an alternative update operation. For this, a VLAN database was introduced to Cisco IOS software for Catalyst switches as a method to immediately save VTP updates for VTP clients and servers. This VLAN database is in the form of a separate file in NVRAM called the vlan.dat file.
Managing vlan.dat File
During Switch Bootup
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During boot up, the switch compares the content in the vlan.dat file and the configuration in startup-config to determine if it should use the configuration in vlan.dat or startup-config. When you save VTP mode, domain name, and VLAN configurations in the switch startup configuration file and reboot the switch, the VTP and VLAN configurations are selected by these conditions:
If both the VLAN database and the configuration file show the VTP mode as transparent and the VTP domain names match, the VLAN database is ignored. The VTP and VLAN configurations in the startup configuration file are used. The VLAN database revision number remains unchanged in the VLAN database.
If the startup VTP mode is server mode, or the startup VTP mode or domain names do not match the VLAN database, VTP mode and VLAN configuration for the first 1005 VLANs are selected by VLAN database information, such as the vlan.dat file. VLANs greater than 1005 are configured from the switch configuration file.
If there is no vlan.dat file, or if the vlan.dat cannot be read, the switch boots with these characteristics:
| Attribute | Default Values |
|---|---|
| VTP Mode | Server |
| VTP Domain Name | (no name / empty) |
| VLANs | 1, 1002-1005 |
Filename and Location
By default, the VLAN database file name is vlan.dat.
You can use the vtp file <filename> command to rename the file. You cannot use the vtp file command to load a new database. You can use it only to rename the file in which the existing database is stored.
This example shows how to specify the IFS file system file where the VTP configuration is stored:
The vlan.dat stored in NVRAM alone can be accessed by the switch. The vlan.dat file can be copied from its location for backup purposes. The memory location name where the vlan.dat file is stored varies from device to device. Refer to the respective product documentation before you issue the copy command.
In Cisco Catalyst 6500/6000 series switches, it is const_nvram:. Similarily for Catalyst 4500/4000 switches, it is cat4000_flash:. In Cisco Catalyst 29xx series and Cisco Catalyst 35xx, 3750 series, it is referred to as flash:.
Viewing VLAN Information
In order to display all the VLAN configurations, the VLAN ID, name, and so forth, that are stored in the binary vlan.dat file, you must issue the show vlan command.
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You can display the VTP information, the mode, domain, and so forth, with use of the show vtp status command.
The VLAN information and the VTP information are not displayed in the show running-config command output when the switch is in the VTP server/client mode. This is normal behavior of the switch.
Switches that are in VTP transparent mode display the VLAN and VTP configurations in the show running-config command output because this information is also stored in the configuration text file.
Reset VLAN Information to Defaults
Complete this procedure to reset the VLAN configuration on a Cisco Catalyst switch that runs Cisco IOS software.
In this example, a Cisco Catalyst 6500 switch is in VTP client mode. In order to reset the VLAN information, you have to remove the vlan.dat file and reload the switch.
Issue the show vtp status and show vlan commands to determine the original VTP/VLAN information.
Verify the vlan.dat file status.
Note: The memory location where the vlan.dat file is stored varies from device to device. See the Filename and Location section in this document for more information.
Remove the vlan.dat file from NVRAM.
Note: Before you delete the file from NVRAM, it is recommended to make a backup of the file. See the Backup and Restore of vlan.dat File section for the procedure.
Note that the size of the vlan.dat file is zero (0).
Reload the switch.
After the switch boots up, verify if the VLAN information is set to default values. For information on the default values, see the table in the During Switch Bootup section.
At this point, the VTP VLAN configuration change can be triggered in two ways:
User configuration on the device (CLI/SNMP)
VTP update from other devices in the same VTP domain
This means that even if the switch was originally in client mode, simply applying another saved configuration does not set it back to client mode. In order to return the switch to client mode, the network administrator needs to manually configure the system with the vtp mode client command in global configuration mode.
Recovering vlan.dat File
If the vlan.dat file is deleted accidently and the switch gets reloaded, all the VLANs that were available on the switch are lost. Until the switch is reloaded, the VLAN information is present in the switch.
Issue the show vlan command in order to confirm the availability of VLAN information.
If the switch is in VTP server or transparent mode, make any modifications to the VLAN database.
Modifications to the VLAN database can be any of these:
Create any VLAN.
Delete any VLAN.
Modify the attributes of any existing VLAN.
If the switch is in VTP client mode, make modifications to the VLAN database at any VTP server of the same domain.
Once any change is done to the VLAN database, the switch automatically creates the vlan.dat file.
Issue the show flash: command in order to verify the creation of the vlan.dat file.
Note: The memory location where the vlan.dat file is stored varies from device to device. See the Filename and Location section for more information.
Complete these steps in order to recover the vlan.dat file:
Backup and Restore of vlan.dat File
Network administrators might want to back up the vlan.dat file, especially for their VTP server systems. The vlan.dat file can be backed be saved to the same locations as any other file (bootflash, disk0:, bootdisk:, tftp:, ftp:, etc). Even though the file can be copied to any location, it can only be read from NVRAM.
In order to perform a complete backup of your configuration, include the vlan.dat file in the backup along with the configuration. Then, if the entire switch or the Supervisor Engine module requires replacement, the network administrator must upload both of these files in order to restore the complete configuration:
The vlan.dat file
The configuration file
This also has an effect in dual supervisor environments when running Stateful Switchover (SSO). Because the file to file sync is only available for NVRAM, if the vlan.dat is in a non-NVRAM location such as bootflash:, there will not be vlan.dat file sync between the active and standby supervisors. Instead, when the standby SP receives the new VLAN data, it will write the config in standby vlan.dat.
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Finally, if a saved vlan.dat is applied to a system that has already booted, the system must be reloaded before the newly applied vlan.dat configuration takes effect.
Issue the show vtp status and show vlan commands to determine the original VTP/VLAN information.
Verify the vlan.dat file status.
Note: The memory location where the vlan.dat file is stored varies from device to device. See the Filename and Location section for more information.
Back up the existing vlan.dat file.
Remove the vlan.dat file from NVRAM.
Reload the switch.
Verify the reset of VTP/VLAN information after reload.
Notice that the number of existing VLANs has dropped from 12 to 5, and the Domain is now empty instead of Cisco123.
Copy the saved vlan.dat file to the NVRAM.
Check if there is any change in the VTP status. There would not be any change, as the vlan.dat file is read only when the switch boots up. In order to bring the changes to effect, reload the switch.
Reload the switch.
Once the switch boots up, verify if the VLAN/VTP information has been properly restored.
Archiving vlan.dat Using Archive Management
The Archive Management application maintains an active archive of the vlan.dat file of devices managed by Resource Manager Essentials (RME). It enables you to perform these tasks:
Fetch, and archive, device configurations (which includes the vlan.dat file)
Search and generate reports on archived data
Compare and label configurations (which includes the vlan.dat file)
For more information on the Archive Management application, refer to Archiving Configurations and Managing Them Using Archive Management.
The RME suite is part of the CiscoWorks LAN Management Solution (LMS), one of the bundle in the CiscoWorks family of products. It is an Enterprise solution to network management. RME is a powerful suite of web-based applications offering network management solutions for Cisco switches, access servers, and routers.
For more information on RME and its applications, refer to Overview of RME.
VLAN Information and Redundancy
Supervisor engine redundancy does not support non-default VLAN data file names or locations. Do not enter the vtp file file_name command on a switch that has a redundant supervisor engine.
Before installing a redundant supervisor engine, enter the no vtp file command to return to the default configuration.
In Route Processor Redundancy (RPR+) redundancy, supervisor engine redundancy does not support configuration entered in VLAN database mode. Use global configuration mode with RPR+ redundancy.
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In SSO, the NVRAM vlan.dat file sync from active SP to standby SP is still done so that if switchover happens in the middle of sync'ing VLANs record, standby can recover by loading in the binary file from NVRAM. Because the file to file sync is only available for NVRAM, if the binary file is in a non-NVRAM location such as bootflash:, there will not be vtp binary config file sync between active and standby. In fact, if the vlan.dat is not in NVRAM, then during standby boot up, the standby supervisor will not come online. An error message should be displayed on the active supervisor to ask users to change vlan.dat location to NVRAM.